Method and system for suggesting revisions to an electronic document

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a method for suggesting revisions to a document-under-analysis (“DUA”) from a seed database, the seed database including a plurality of original texts each respectively associated with one of a plurality of final texts. The method includes tokenizing the DUA into a plurality of statements-under-analysis (“SUAs”), selecting a first SUA of the plurality of SUAs, generating a first similarity score for each of the plurality of the original texts, the similarity score representing a degree of similarity between the first SUA and each of the original texts, selecting a first candidate original text of the plurality of the original texts, and creating an edited SUA (“ESUA”) by modifying a copy of the first SUA consistent with a first candidate final text associated with the first candidate original text.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/689,685, filed Nov. 20, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/244,217, filed Jan. 10, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No.10,489,500), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/227,093, filed Aug. 3, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,216,715), whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/200,261, filedAug. 3, 2015, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in theirentirety by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The embodiments of the invention relate to a method and system forrevising electronic documents, and more particularly, to a method andsystem for suggesting edits to an electronic document. Althoughembodiments of the invention are suitable for a wide scope ofapplications, it is particularly suitable for suggesting revisions toelectronic documents where the suggested revisions are similar to pastrevisions of similar documents.

Discussion of the Related Art

In the related art, revisions to electronic documents are performedprimarily manually by a human editor. In the case of an electronicdocument such a legal contract, an editor may choose to make revisionsthat are similar to past revisions for legal consistency. Likewise, aneditor may choose not to make revisions to documents (or its constituentparts) that are similar to past documents. For example, if a particularparagraph was revised in a particular way in a prior similar document,an editor may choose to edit the particular paragraph in the same way.Similarly, an editor may choose to make revisions that are similar topast revision to meet certain requirements.

The related art includes software that performs redlining to indicatedifferences between an original document and an edited document.Redlining, generally, displays new text as underlined and deleted textas strikethrough.

The related art also include software such as Dealmaker by Bloombergthat compares document against a database of related documents to createredlines. The software displays, differences between a selected contractor part thereof and the most common contract or part thereof in theDealmaker database of contracts. For example, the user may want tocompare a lease against other leases. Dealmaker allows the user tocompare the lease to the most common form of lease within the Dealmakerdatabase and create a simple redline. Likewise, the user can compare asingle provision against the most standard form of that provision withinthe dealmaker database and create a simple redline.

Many problems exist with the prior art. For example, it may be difficultfor an editor to know which of many prior documents contained similarlanguage. Similarly, an editor might not have access to all priordocuments or the prior documents might be held by many different users.Thus, according to the related art, an editor may need to look at manydocuments and coordinate with other persons to find similar language. Itcan be time consuming and burdensome to identify and locate many priordocuments and to review changes to similar language even with therelated art redlining software. In some cases, previously revieweddocuments can be overlooked and the organization would effectively losethe institutional knowledge of those prior revision. In the case of alarge organization, there may be many editors and each individual editormay not be aware of edits made by other editors. Identifying similaritywith precision can be difficult for an editor to accomplish withconsistency. Additionally, edits made by human editors are limited bythe editor's understanding of English grammar and the content of theportions being revised. As such, different human editors may revise thesame portion of a document differently, even in view of the samepast-documents.

There are also problems with the related art Dealmaker software as it isprimarily a comparison tool. Dealmaker can show the lexical differencesbetween a selected document, or part thereof, and the most common formof that document within the Dealmaker database. Dealmaker, however, doesnot propose revisions to documents that will make them acceptable to theuser. Similarly, Dealmaker considers only a single source for comparisonof each reviewed passage. Dealmaker only displays a simple redlinebetween the subject document and the database document. Dealmaker doesnot consider parts of speech, verb tense, sentence structure, orsemantic similarity. Thus Dealmaker may indicate that particulardocuments and clauses are different when in fact they have the samemeaning.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention are directed to a method andsystem for suggesting revisions to an electronic document thatsubstantially obviates one or more of the problems due to limitationsand disadvantages of the related art.

An object of embodiments of the invention is to provide an automatedmethod of suggesting edits to a document.

Another object of embodiments of the invention is to provide a databaseof previously edited documents.

Yet another object of embodiments of the invention is to provide anengine to parse and compare a document to previously reviewed documents.

Still another object of embodiments of the invention is to provide asystem that remembers revisions made to documents and suggests suchrevisions in view of future similar documents.

Another object of embodiments of the invention is to identify andremember text that was not edited.

Additional features and advantages of embodiments of the invention willbe set forth in the description which follows, and in part will beapparent from the description, or may be learned by practice ofembodiments of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of theembodiments of the invention will be realized and attained by thestructure particularly pointed out in the written description and claimshereof as well as the appended drawings.

To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purposeof embodiments of the invention, as embodied and broadly described, amethod and system for suggesting revisions to an electronic documenttokenizing a document-under-analysis (“DUA”) into a plurality ofstatements-under-analysis (“SUAs”), selecting a first SUA of theplurality of SUAs, generating a first similarity score for each of aplurality of the original texts, the similarity score representing adegree of similarity between the first SUA and each of the originaltexts, selecting a first candidate original text of the plurality of theoriginal texts, and creating an edited SUA (“ESUA”) by modifying a copyof the first SUA consistent with a first candidate final text associatedwith the first candidate original text.

In another embodiment, a method and system for suggesting revisions toan electronic document includes tokenizing a DUA into a plurality ofstatements-under-analysis (“SUAs”), selecting a first SUA of theplurality of SUAs, generating a first similarity score for each of aplurality of original texts, the first similarity score representing adegree of similarity between the first SUA and each of the originaltexts, respectively, generating a second similarity score for each of asubset of the plurality of original texts, the second similarity scorerepresenting a degree of similarity between the first SUA and each ofthe subset of the plurality of original texts, respectively, selecting afirst candidate original text of the subset of plurality of the originaltexts, aligning the first SUA with the first candidate original textaccording to a first alignment, creating an edited SUA (“ESUA”) bymodifying a copy of the first SUA consistent with a first candidatefinal text associated with the first candidate original text.

In yet another embodiment, a method and system for suggesting revisionsto an electronic document includes tokenizing a DUA into a plurality ofstatements-under-analysis (“SUAs”), selecting a first SUA of theplurality of SUAs, generating a first similarity score for each of aplurality of original texts, the first similarity score representing adegree of similarity between the first SUA and each of the originaltexts, respectively, generating a second similarity score for each of asubset of the plurality of original texts, the second similarity scorerepresenting a degree of similarity between the first SUA and each ofthe subset of the plurality of original texts, respectively, selecting afirst candidate original text of the subset of plurality of the originaltexts, aligning the first SUA with the first candidate original textaccording to a first alignment, creating an edited SUA (“ESUA”) bymodifying a copy of the first SUA consistent with a first candidatefinal text associated with the first candidate original text, selectinga second candidate original text of the subset of plurality of theoriginal texts, and modifying the ESUA consistent with a secondcandidate final text associated with the second candidate original text.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of embodiments of the inventionas claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which arc included to provide a furtherunderstanding of embodiments of the invention and are incorporated inand constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments ofthe invention and together with the description serve to explain theprinciples of embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a process flowchart for creating a seed database according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a process flowchart for editing a document and updating a seeddatabase according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of single alignment according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is an illustration of multiple alignment according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of multiple statement alignment according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a process flowchart for generating a similarity scoreaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of multiple statement extraction according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a process flowchart for editing a document and updating a seeddatabase according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 9 is a process flowchart for editing a document and updating a seeddatabase according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. The invention may, however, be embodied in many differentforms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodimentsset forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that thisdisclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey theconcept of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings,the thicknesses of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. Likereference numerals in the drawings denote like elements.

The invention disclosed herein is described, in part, in terms that areunique to the problem being solved. Thus, for the avoidance of doubt,the below descriptions and definitions are provided for clarity. Theterm DUA means “document under analysis.” A DUA is, generally, adocument that is being analyzed for potential revision. A DUA can be,for example, a sales contract that is received by a real estate office.The term SUA means “statement under analysis.” The DUA can be dividedinto a plurality of statements, and each statement can be called a SUA.The SUA can be analyzed according to the systems and methods describedherein to provide suggested revisions to the SUA. Generally speaking,the SUA can be a sentence and the DUA can be tokenized into SUAs basedon sentence breaks (e.g. periods). The SUA, however, is not limited tosentences and the SUA can be, for example, an entire paragraph or aportion or phrase of larger sentence. The term ESUA means “editedstatement under analysis.” The term “sentence” means sentence in thetraditional sense, that is, a string of words terminating with a periodthat would be interpreted as a sentence according to the rules ofgrammar. The description of embodiments of the invention herein use theword “sentence” without prejudice to the generality of the invention.One of skill in the art would appreciate that “sentence” could bereplaced with “phrase” or “paragraph” and the invention would be equallyapplicable.

The term “original document” means a document that has not been editedby the methods described herein. The term “final document” means thefinal version of a corresponding original document. A final document canbe an edited version of an original document. The term “original text”means part of an original document (e.g. a sentence). The term “finaltext” means part of a final document (e.g. a sentence). A phrase orsentence is “compound” when it includes multiple ideas. For example, thesentence “It is hot and rainy” is compound because it includes twoideas: (1) “It is hot”; and (2) “It is rainy.”

Embodiments of the invention can further include a “seed database.” Aseed database can be derived from one or more “seed documents” which aregenerally original documents and final documents. In some instances, aseed document can be both an original document and a final document suchas documents that include “track changes” that are common with documentscreated in Microsoft Word. The original text of each seed document canbe can be tokenized into one or more tokens. The final text of each seeddocument can be tokenized into one or more tokens. Each token oforiginal text can be correlated with its respective final text. The eachoriginal text token and its corresponding final text can be stored inthe seed database. In some instances, an original text and a final textcan be identical, for example when no edits or changes were made. Insuch instances, the original text and corresponding identical final textcan be saved in the seed database.

The term “similarity score” means a value (or relative value) that isgenerated from the comparison of an SUA and an original text. Thesimilarity score can be, for example, an absolute number (e.g. 0.625 or2044) or a percentage (e.g. 95%). Multiple methods for generating asimilarity score are described herein or are otherwise known in the artand any such method or formula can be used to generate a similarityscore.

The term “aligning” or “alignment” means matching the words and phrasesof one sentence to another. Words and phrases can be matched accordingto lexical or semantic similarity. Alignment is frequently imprecise dueto variation between sentences. Thus, “alignment” does not necessarilyimply a 1:1 correlation between words and, in many cases, alignment ispartial.

FIG. 1 is a process flowchart for creating a seed database according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 1, a creatinga seed database includes receiving 110 a seed document, creating 120 anoriginal document and a final document, tokenizing 130 the originaldocument, tokenizing 140 the final document, correlating 150 eachoriginal texts with a corresponding and final text, and storing 160 eachoriginal text, its corresponding final text, and the correlation in theseed database.

In step 110, one or more seed documents can be selected. The seeddocuments can be for example, Microsoft Word documents. The seeddocuments can include “track changes” such as underline andstrike-through to denote additions and deletions, respectively. In analternative embodiment, a seed document can be a pair of documents suchas original version and an edited version. The seed documents relate toa common subject or share a common purpose such as a commercial leasesor professional services contracts. The seed documents can representdocuments that have been edited and reviewed from the original text tothe final text.

The edits and revisions can embody, for example, the unwritten policy orguidelines of a particular organization. As an example, a company mayreceive a lease document from a prospective landlord. The originaldocument provided by the landlord may provide “this lease may beterminated by either party on 30-days notice.” The company may have aninternal policy that it will only accept leases requiring 60-daysnotice. Accordingly, in the exemplary lease, an employee of the companymay revise the lease agreement to say “this lease may be terminated byeither party on 60-days notice.” As a second example, the proposed leaseprovided by the prospective landlord may include a provision that states“all disputes must be heard in a court in Alexandria, Va.” These termsmay be acceptable to the company and the company may choose to acceptthat language in a final version.

In the example of the company, one or more seed documents can beselected in step 110. The seed documents can be for example, commercialleases that have been proposed by prospective landlords and have beenedited to include revisions in the form of “track changes” of theapartment rental company. In the alternative, a seed document cancomprise two separate documents. The first document can be an originaldocument such as the lease proposed by a prospective landlords. Thesecond document can be an edited version that includes revisions made bythe company.

In step optional step 120, a seed document having embedded track changescan be split into two documents. A first document can be an originaldocument and a second document can be a final document.

In step 130, the original text of each original document can betokenized into a plurality of original texts. The original document canbe tokenized according to a variety of hard or soft delimiters. In thesimplest form, a token delimiter can be a paragraph. In this example, anoriginal document can be tokenized according to the paragraphs of thedocument with each paragraph being separated into a distinct token. Theoriginal document can also be tokenized according to sentences asindicated by a period mark. Paragraph marks, period marks, and othervisible indicia can be called “hard” delimiters. In more complexexamples, original document can be tokenized according to “soft”delimiters to create tokens that include only a portion of sentence. A“soft” delimiter can be based on sentence structure rather than avisible indicia. For example, a sentence can be tokenized according to asubject and predicate. In another example, a sentence can be tokenizedaccording to a clause and a dependent clause. In another example, asentence can be tokenized into a condition and a result such as anif-then statement.

In step 140, the final text of each final document can be tokenized intoa plurality of final texts. The tokenization of the final document canbe performed in the same manner as described in conjunction with thetokenization of the original document.

In step 150, each original text is correlated to its respective finaltext. For example, the original text “this lease may be terminated byeither party on 30-days notice” can be correlated with the final text“this lease may be terminated by either party on 60-days notice.” In asecond example where no changes are made, the original text “alldisputes must be heard in a court in Alexandria, Va.” can be correlatedwith the final text “all disputes must be heard in a court inAlexandria, Va.” In the alternative, the original text of second examplecan be correlated with flag indicating the original text and the finaltext are the same. In a third example, where a deletion is made,original text “landlord shall pay all attorneys fees” can be correlatedwith final text of a null string. In the alternative, the original textof the third example can be correlated with a flag indicating theoriginal text was deleted in its entirety.

In step 160, each original text, its corresponding final text, and thecorrelation can be saved in the seed database. The correlation can beexplicit or implied. In an explicit correlation, each original text canbe stored with additional information identifying its correspondingfinal text and vice versa. In an exemplary embodiment, each originaltext and each final text can be given a unique identifier. An explicitcorrelation can specify the unique identifier of the correspondingoriginal text or final text. A correlation can also be implied. Forexample, an original text can be stored in the same data structure ordatabase object as a final text. In this instance, although there is notexplicit correlation, the correlation can be implied by the proximity orgrouping. The seed database can then be used to suggest revisions tofuture documents as explained in greater detail in conjunction with FIG.2.

It is contemplated that a user editor may desire to take advantage ofthe novel benefits invention without having a repository of pastdocuments to prime the seed database. Therefore, embodiments of theinvention further include a sample database of original text andcorresponding final text for a variety of document types. Embodiments ofthe invention can further include a user questionnaire or interview todetermine the user's preferences and then load the seed database withportions of the sample database consistent with the user's answers tothe questionnaire. For example, a new user may desire to use theinvention but that particular new user does not have previously editeddocuments with which to prime the seed database. Embodiments of theinvention may ask the use questions, such as “will you agree to feeshifting provisions?” If the user answers “yes”, then the seed databasecan be loaded with original and final text from the sample database thatinclude fee shifting. If the user answers “no”, then the seed databasecan be loaded with original and final text from the sample database thathas original text including fee shifting and final text where feeshifting has been deleted or edited. In another example, a samplequestion includes “how many days notice do you require to terminate alease?” If a user answers “60”, then the seed database can be loadedwith original and final text from the sample database that has a 60-daylease-termination notice provision, or, as another example, where theoriginal text has N-day termination provisions and the final text has a60-day termination provision.

FIG. 2 is a process flowchart for editing a document and updating a seeddatabase according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shownin FIG. 2, editing a document and updating a seed database can includetokenizing 210 a DUA (document under analysis), selecting 220 a SUA(statement under analysis), generating 230 similarity scores, selecting240 a candidate original text, creating 250 an ESUA (edited statementunder analysis), updating 260 the seed database, and recording 270 theESUA.

In step 210, a DUA can be tokenized into a plurality of SUAs. The DUAcan be tokenized in the same way as described in conjunction with FIG. 1with tokenizing the original document and final document in creation ofthe seed database. The DUA can be selected by a user. The DUA can be anelectronic document. The DUA can be proposed legal document such aslease, contract, or agreement. In the example of the apartment rentalcompany, a DUA can be a proposed lease agreement provided by aprospective tenant. The DUA can be selected via a file-chooser dialog.The DUA can be selected via a context-menu. The DUA can be selected viaa drop-down menu. The DUA can be selected via plug-in for a documentmanagement system or an e-mail program.

In step 220, an SUA can be selected. The SUA can be a first SUA of theDUA In subsequent iterations, successive SUAs can be selected such asthe second SUA, the third SUA, and so on. Each SUA can be selected insuccession.

In step 230, a similarity score can be generated. The similarity scorecan represent a degree of similarity between the currently selected SUAand each of the original texts in the seed database.

A similarity score for a given SUA and original text can be calculatedby comparing the total number of words or the number of words withsimilar semantics. In exemplary embodiments of the invention, a model ofsemantically similar words can be used in conjunction with generatingthe similarity score. For example, the database can specify that“contract” has a similar meaning as “agreement.” The step of calculatinga similarity score can further include assessing words with similarsemantics. For example, using the model, the SUA “the contract requiresX” can be calculated to have a similarity score of nearly 100% similarto the original text “the agreement requires X” in the seed database.

Generating a similarity score can include assigning a lower weight toproper nouns. In other embodiments, generating a similarity score caninclude ignoring proper nouns. Generating a similarity score can includeclassifying a SUA based on comparing various parts of the SUA. Forexample, a SUA's subject, verb, object, and modifiers may be compared toeach of the subject, verb, object, and modifiers of the original textsin the seed database. Additionally, modifiers of a SUA with a specificcharacteristics may be compared to the modifiers of various otheroriginal texts that all have the same specific characteristics.

The following is an example of two original texts in an exemplary seeddatabase, the corresponding final texts to those two original texts, aSUA from a DUA, and edits made to the SUA consistent with the finaltexts.

Original Text 1:

-   -   “Contractor shall submit a schedule of values of the various        portions of the work.”    -   Noun: (nominal subject) Contractor    -   Verb: Submit    -   Noun: (direct object) Schedule

Corresponding Final Text 1:

-   -   “Contractor shall submit a schedule of values allocating the        contract sum to the various portions of the work.”

Original Text 2:

-   -   “Contractor shall submit to Owner for approval a schedule of        values immediately after execution of the Agreement.”    -   Noun: (nominal subject) Contractor    -   Verb: Submit    -   Noun: (direct object) Schedule

Final Text 2:

-   -   “Contractor shall submit to Owner for prompt approval a schedule        of values prior to the first application for payment.”

SUA:

-   -   “Immediately after execution of the Agreement, Contractor shall        submit to Owner for approval a schedule of values of the various        portions of the work.”    -   Noun: (nominal subject) Contractor    -   Verb: Submit    -   Noun: (direct object) Schedule

Edited SUA:

-   -   “Prior to the first application for payment, Contractor shall        submit to Owner for prompt approval a schedule of values        allocating the contract sum to the various portions of the        work.”

In the above example, all the sentences contained the same nominalsubject, verb, and direct object. The invention can classify thesesentences based upon the similarity of the nominal subject, verb, anddirect object as having a high similarity. The invention then comparethe other parts of the SUA to the original text from Original Text 1 and2 and made corresponding edits to the similar portions of the DUAsentence.

Generating a similarity score can include assigning a lower weight toinsignificant parts of speech. For example, in the phrase, “therefore,Contractor shall perform the Contract” the word “therefore” can beassigned a lower weight in assessing similarity.

Generating a similarity score can include stemming words and comparingthe stems. For example, the words, “argue”, “argued”, “argues”,“arguing”, and “argus” reduce to the stem “argu” and the stem “argue”could be used for the purpose of generating a similarity score.

The similarity score can be generated according to well-known methods inthe art. The similarity score can be a cosine similarity score, aclustering metric, or other well-known string similarity metrics such asJam-Winkler, Jaccard or Levenshtein. In preferred embodiments asimilarity score is a cosine similarity score that represents the degreeof lexical overlap between the selected SUA and each of the originaltexts. A cosine similarity score can be computationally fast tocalculate in comparison to other similarity scoring methods. A cosinesimilarity score can be calculated according to methods known in theart, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,886,648 to Procopio et. al theentirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. A cosinesimilarity score can have a range between 0 and 1 where scores closer to1 can indicate a high degree of similarity and scores closer to 0 canindicate a lower degree of similarity.

A clustering algorithm can plot a loose association of related stringsin two or more dimensions and use their distance in space as asimilarity score. A string similarity metric can provide an algorithmspecific indication of distance (‘inverse similarity’) between twostrings.

In step 240, a candidate original text can be selected. The candidateoriginal text can be the original text having the best similarity scorecalculated in step 230. As used herein, the term “best” can mean thesimilarity score indicating the highest degree of similarity. In thealternative, a threshold cut-off can be implemented and a secondcriteria can be used to perform the selection of step 240. For example,a threshold cut-off can be all similarity scores that exceed apredetermined level such as “similarity scores greater than 0.65”. Inanother example, a threshold cut-off can be a predetermined number oforiginal texts having the best similarity score such as the “top 3” orthe “top 5.” In an exemplary threshold cut-off only scores that exceedthe threshold cut-off are considered for selection in step 240. Theselection can include selecting the original text having the bestsimilarity score. The section can include choosing the original texthaving the largest number of similar words to the SUA. The selection caninclude choosing the original text having the largest identicalsubstring with the SUA. Subsequent selections under step 240 can omitpreviously selected original texts.

In step 250, an ESUA (edited statement under analysis) can be created.The ESUA can be created by applying the same edits from a final textassociated with the candidate original text to the SUA. The process ofapplying the edits is described in more particularity in conjunctionwith discussion of alignment in FIG. 3-FIG. 5. After step 250, theprocess can transition back to step 220 where another SUA is selected.If there are no more SUAs, the process can transition to step 260wherein the seed database is updated.

Although not shown in FIG. 2, an optional step (not shown) can occurbefore the update the seed database step 260. In the optional step (notshown) the ESUAs can be displayed to a user for approval andconfirmation. A user can further edit the ESUAs according to preferenceor business and legal objectives. The SUA and the ESUA (including anyuser-entered revisions thereto) can be stored in the seed database instep 260.

In step 260, the seed database can be updated by saving the SUAs and thecorresponding ESUAs. In this way, the seed database grows with each DUAand edits made to an SUA will be retained in the institutional knowledgeof the seed database.

In step 270, the ESUAs can be recorded. In a first example, the ESUAscan be recorded at the end of the DUA in an appendix. The appendix canspecify amendments and edits to the DUA In this way, and original wordsof the DUA are not directly edited, but an appendix specifies therevised terms. This first method of recording the ESUAs can be utilizedwhen the DUA is a PDF document that cannot easily be edited. In a secondexample, the ESUA can be recorded in-line in the DUA Each ESUA can beused to replace the corresponding SUA In embodiments of the invention,the ESUA can be inserted in place of the SUA with “track changes”indicating the edits being made. This second method of recording theESUAs can be utilized when the DUA is in an easily editable format suchas Microsoft Word. In a third example, the ESUAs can be recorded in aseparate document than the DUA The separate document can be an appendixmaintained as a separate file. The separate document can refer to theSUAs of the DUA and identify corresponding ESUAs. This third method canbe utilized when the DUA is a locked or secured document that does notallow editing.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of single alignment according to an exemplaryembodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 3, single alignmentincludes aligning an SUA 310 to an original text “OT1” 320, aligning acorresponding final text “FT1” 330 to the original text 320 and finallycreating the ESUA 340. The illustration of FIG. 3 is described as a“single alignment” because the SUA 310 is aligned with OT1 320 one time.To align the SUA 310 and the OT1 320, each word of the SUA 310 ismatched to a corresponding word of the OT1 320, where applicable. In theexample of FIG. 3, the words “subcontractor guarantees that” in the SUA310 are the same as the words “subcontractor guarantees that” of the OT1320. These words are denoted as “aligned” by the arrows extendingtherebetween. The next words of the SUA 310 “the work is of good qualityand”, however, have no corresponding words in the OT 320. These wordscannot be aligned. Finally, the words “free from defects” in the SUA 310are matched to the words “free from defects” in the OT1 320 completingthe alignment of the SUA 310 to the OT1 320. In this example, only sixof the words matched, but the SUA 310 and the OT1 320 are neverthelessdescribed as aligned.

While the example of FIG. 3 illustrates alignment by correlatingidentical words, the invention is not limited to identical words.Alignment according to the invention further contemplates alignment ofsimilar words such as synonyms or words that are interchangeable incontext such as “guarantees” and “warrants.” A word embedding model canbe used to align sentences having similar meanings although they havefew words in common.

Word embedding is the collective name for a set of language modeling andfeature learning techniques in natural language processing (NLP) wherewords or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of realnumbers in a low-dimensional space relative to the vocabulary size(“continuous space”). A word embedding model can be generated bylearning how words are used in context by reading many millions ofsamples. By training the model on domain relevant text, a word embeddingmodel can be built which effectively understands how words are usedwithin that domain, thereby providing a means for determining when twowords are equivalent in a given context. Methods to generate thismapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the wordco-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models, and explicit representationin terms of the context in which words appear. Word and phraseembeddings, when used as the underlying input representation, boost theperformance in NLP tasks such as syntactic parsing and sentimentanalysis.

Word2vec is an exemplary word embedding toolkit which can train vectorspace models. A method named Item2Vec provides scalable item-itemcollaborative filtering. Item2Vec is based on word2vec with minormodifications and produces low dimensional representation for items,where the affinity between items can be measured by cosine similarity.Software for training and using word embeddings includes Tomas Mikolov'sWord2vec, Stanford University's GloVe and Deeplearning4j. PrincipalComponent Analysis (PCA) and T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(t-SNE) can both be used to reduce the dimensionality of word vectorspaces and visualize word embeddings and clusters.

The alignment of the FT1 330 and the OT1 320 can proceed in the same wayas the alignment of OT1 320 with the SUA 310. As shown in FIG. 3, thewords of FT1 330 can be matched to the aligned words of the OT1 320.

After the SUA 310, the OT1 320, and the FT1 330 are aligned, the editsfrom the FT1 330 can be applied to the SUA 310 to create the ESUA 340.In the example of FIG. 3, the word “material” was added to the FT1 330and, because of the alignment, the word “material” is added in thecorresponding location in the SUA 310 to create the ESUA 340.

An expression can be generated that describes the steps to convert theOT1 320 into the FT1 330. The expression can describe, for example, aseries of edit operations, such as [Insert 1,3,1,1] to insert words 1-3from the FT1 330 at position 1 of the OT1 320. A similar expression canbe generated that describes the steps to convert the SUA 310 to the OT1320. The two resulting expressions can be combined to generate acombined expression(s) describing equal subsequences where edits couldbe applied from the FT1 330 to the SUA 310. Applying the combinedexpression to the SUA 310 can produce the ESUA 340.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of multiple alignment according to anexemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the SUA 410and the original text OT1 420 are essentially the same, except that theorder of some of the words is changed. In a simplified example, the SUA410 says “Subcontractor guarantees A, Band C” while the OT1 says“Subcontractor guarantees C, B and A” As shown in the final text FT1430, edits were made to the words corresponding to clause C and A in thesimplified example. In this case, the OT1 420 can be aligned in morethan one way so that the edits of the FT1 430 can be applied to thecorresponding clauses A and C of the SUA.

In more detail, in a first alignment, the words “subcontractorguarantees that the work will be” of the SUA 410 are aligned with thesame words “subcontractor guarantees that the work will be” of the OT1420. Similarly, the words “of good quality” are aligned with identicalwords in the OT1 420. Under this alignment, however, the words “new andfree from defects” of the SUA 410, however, do not align with any textin the OT1. Nevertheless, the OT1 420 is considered aligned with theSUA410.

Next, the final text FT1 (430) is aligned with the OT1 (420) and theedits from the FT1 430 are implemented in the corresponding locations ofthe SUA 410 to create the ESUA1 440.

It will be noted from this example of a first alignment, that some ofthe edits from the FT1 (e.g. “free from material defects”) were notaligned under the first alignment and were not implemented in the ESUA1440. However, examining the ESUA1 440 reveals that the ESUA1 (and theSUA) included words that should have been edited (e.g. “free fromdefects”). To capture these edits to the FT1 430 in the ESUA 440, asecond alignment is performed.

In more detail, a second alignment begins with the ESUA 450 that was theoutput ESUA440 from the first alignment. In the second alignment of theOT1 (460) with the ESUA1 (450) the words “free from defects” are alignedinstead of the “of good quality” as in the first alignment. Next, theFT1 470 is aligned with the OT1 (460) and the edits from the FT1 470 areimplemented in the corresponding locations of the ESUA1 450 to createthe ESUA2 480.

In summary, as shown in FIG. 4, a first alignment aligns one clause ofthe SUA 410 (e.g. clause A from the simplified example) to the OT1 420and corresponding edits of the FT1 430 are applied to the SUA 410 tocreate the ESUA1 440. Next, a second alignment a second clause of theESUA1 450 (e.g. clause C from the simplified example) to the OT1 460 andthe corresponding edits of the FT1 470 are applied to the ESUA 450 tocreate the ESUA2 480.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of multiple statement alignment according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 5 a SUA 310can be aligned according to a first alignment with a first original textOT1 320. The ESUA1 510 can then be aligned with a second original textOT2 520. The first alignment of FIG. 5 can be the same as described inconjunction with FIG. 3. The OT1 320 can be an original text from theseed database having best a similarity score. The OT2 520 can be anoriginal text from the seed database having a second best similarityscore. After the first alignment and edits are performed as described inconjunction with FIG. 3, OT2 520 ca can be selected as a basis tofurther edit the ESUA1 510. The alignment of the ESUA1 510 with the OT2520, the alignment of OT2 520 with the correlated final text FT2 530,and the implementation of edits to yield the ESUA2 540 can proceed inthe same manner as the first alignment although this time using theESUA1 540 as a starting point and using the OT2 520 and FT2 530. Itshould be noted that when two or more original texts having identical orsimilar edits are used in multi-statement alignment, the identical orsimilar edits are only applied once (e.g. the term “material” would notbe inserted twice.)

Multiple statement alignment according to the invention can beneficialwhen an SUA has high similarity with two or more original texts. Byaligning and inserting edits from multiple final texts, the ESUA canmore closely resembles prior edits made to similar text. It iscontemplated that multiple alignments can be performed on a firstoriginal text (as described in conjunction with FIG. 4) and thatmultiple alignments can be performed with multiple original texts. Inmore detail, a first original text can be aligned with an SUA accordingto a first alignment, the first original text can then be aligned withthe resultant ESUA according to a second alignment, a second originaltext can be aligned with the resultant ESUA according to a yet anotheralignment, and the second original text can be aligned with theresultant ESUA according to a fourth alignment. In this way, the endESUA has the benefit of edits made to two original texts, each alignedin two different ways. The foregoing example is not limiting and theinvention contemplates three, four, or more alignments of a singleoriginal text with an SUA and further alignment three, four, or moreother original texts.

FIG. 6 is a process flowchart for generating a similarity scoreaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG.6, generating 230 a similarity score can include generating 610 a firstsimilarity score, creating 620 a subset of original texts, andgenerating 630 a second similarity score. It is contemplated thatgeneration of a similarity score, generally, can be computationallyexpensive. If a computationally expensive similarity score is generatedfor every original text in a seed database, the overall process ofgenerating the similarity score can become lengthy. Thus it iscontemplated that a computationally “cheap” similarity score begenerated for a large number of original texts and a secondcomputationally expensive similarity score be generated for goodcandidates.

In step 610 a first similarity score can be generated between an SUA anda large number of original texts in the seed database. The similarityscore can be generated by a computationally cheap algorithm such ascosine similarity. The scored original texts can represent all originaltexts in the seed database. The scored original texts can represent aportion of the original texts in the database. The portion can bedetermined based on the subject matter of the DUA and the content of theSUA. For example, in a DUA that is a lease and an SUA that relates toattorneys fees, the portion of original texts of the seed database canbe original texts that relate to attorneys fees in lease agreements. Inthis way, a first similarity score is not even generated for originaltexts that are unlikely to have similarity with the DUA

In step 620, a subset of the original texts for which a similarity scorewas generated in step 610 is chosen. The subset can be selected bythresholds and cutoffs. For example, a subset can include original textsthat have a similarity score that exceed a threshold. In anotherexample, a subset can include the original texts having the “top 5” or“top 20” similarity scores.

In step 630, a second similarity score can be generated between theoriginal texts in the subset and the SUA. The second similarity scorecan be a computationally expensive similarity score such asword-embedding model or syntactic structure oriented model that wouldrequire more time but would run on a subset of the original texts thatappear to be related by cosine or another fast string matching score. Inthis way, the number of computationally expensive similarity scores tobe calculated can be reduced.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of multiple statement extraction according toan exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 7, anunedited compound sentence 710 can be “expanded” into many simplifiedunedited sentences 711-716. Each of the simplified unedited sentences711-716 represents a logically truthful statement in view of theunedited compound sentence 710. Similarly, the edited compound sentence720 can be “expanded” into many simplified edited sentences 721-726,each representing a logically truthful statement in view of the editedcompound sentence 720. The expansion can be performed over conjunctionsor lists of items.

In a more generalized example, the statement “you shall do A and B” isthe logical concatenation of “you shall do A” and “you shall do B.” Itfollows then that if the statement is edited to “you shall do A′ and B”that the extracted statements “you shall do A′” and “you shall do B” arealso true for the edited statement. In this simplified example there areat least two pieces of information having general applicability. First,that A has been edited to A′ and second, that B has remained B. In viewof the foregoing, embodiments of the invention can suggest A be changedto A′ and B remain as B when reviewing other SUAs within the DUA or inother DUAs.

For the purposes of augmenting the seed database with more generalizedoriginal texts, an unedited compound statement such as 710 can beexpanded to the simplified unedited sentences 711-716. These simplifiedunedited sentences 711-716 can be separately stored in the seed databasetogether with their corresponding simplified edited sentences 721-726expanded from the edited compound sentence720.

FIG. 8 is a process flowchart for editing a document and updating a seeddatabase according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shownin FIG. 8, editing a document and updating a seed database can includetokenizing 810 a DUA (document under analysis), selecting 820 a SUA(statement under analysis), generating 830 similarity scores, selecting340 a candidate original text, aligning 850 the SUA with the candidateoriginal text, aligning 855 a candidate final text with the candidateoriginal text, creating 860 an ESUA (edited statement under analysis),determining 870 whether there are additional candidates, selecting 845 anew candidate, updating 880 the seed database, and recording 8900 theESUA.

In step 810, a DUA can be tokenized into a plurality of SUAs. The DUAcan be tokenized in the same way as described in conjunction with FIG. 1with tokenizing the original document and final document in creation ofthe seed database. The DUA can be selected by a user. The DUA can be anelectronic document. The DUA can be proposed legal document such aslease, contract, or agreement. In the example of the apartment rentalcompany, a DUA can be a proposed lease agreement provided by aprospective tenant. The DUA can be selected via a file-chooser dialog.The DUA can be selected via a context-menu. The DUA can be selected viaa drop-down menu. The DUA can be selected via plug-in for a documentmanagement system or an e-mail program.

In step 820, an SUA can be selected. The SUA can be a first SUA of theDUA In subsequent iterations, successive SUAs can be selected such asthe second SUA, the third SUA, and so on. Each SUA can be selected insuccession.

In step 830, a similarity score can be generated. The similarity scorecan represent a degree of similarity between the currently selected SUAand at least some of the original texts in the seed database. Thesimilarity score can be generated according to the process described inconjunction with FIG. 6.

In step 840, a candidate original text can be selected. The selectedcandidate original text can be the original text having the bestsimilarity score. In embodiments where a single similarity score iscalculated, the candidate original text can be selected from theoriginal texts for which a similarity score was generated. Inembodiments where two similarity scores are generated, such as describedin conjunction with FIG. 6, the candidate original text can be selectedfrom the original texts for which a second similarity score wasgenerated.

A candidate original text can be selected from a filtered subset of theoriginal texts. For example, a candidate original text can be selectedfrom the “top 10” original texts based on a second similarity score. Inanother example, a candidate original text can be selected from the setof original texts having a second similarity score that exceeds apredetermined threshold. The selection can be the “best” similarityscore. The selection can be the original text from a filter list havinga longest matching substring in common with the SUA.

In step 850, the selected candidate original text can be aligned withthe SUA.

In step 855, the candidate edited text can be aligned with the candidateoriginal text.

In step 860, an ESUA (edited statement under analysis) can be created.The ESUA can be created by applying edits from a final text associatedwith the candidate original text to the SUA. The process of applying theedits is described in more particularity in conjunction with discussionof alignment in FIG. 3-FIG. 5.

The foregoing alignment and creating an ESUA (steps 850, 855, and 860)of the embodiment described in FIG. 8 can be described as a singlealignment of an SUA, original text, and edited text. However, it shouldbe appreciated that the steps 850, 855, and 860 could be repeated toachieve a second alignment and updating of the ESUA consistent with theexample described in conjunction with FIG. 4.

In step 870, it can be determined if there are additional candidateoriginal texts. In the example where a “top 10” original texts arefiltered from the original texts for consideration in the selection step840, the decision step 870 can evaluate whether there are additionaloriginal texts of the “top 10” to be considered. If there are additionalcandidates, the process can transition to select new candidate step 845.If no candidates remain, the process can transition to update seeddatabase step 880.

The select new candidate step 845 can be consistent with the multiplestatement alignment described in conjunction with FIG. 5. In the examplewhere a “top 10” original texts were filtered for potential selection instep 840, an unselected one of the “top 10” can be selected in theselect new candidate step 845. The new candidate original text and itscorresponding edited text can be aligned with the SUA in steps 850 and855. The ESUA can be updated with the edits from the new candidate instep 860.

Although not shown in FIG. 8, it should be appreciated that throughoutthe process of suggesting edits, various edits and suggestions can bepresented to the user for confirmation and further editing prior tofinalizing a document. For example, a user interface for a softwareapplication implementing the invention can provide a visual indicationof all of the edits suggested to a DUA and its SUAs. A user can use sucha user interface to further revise the ESUAs or edit unedited SUAs. Auser can further select an unedited SUA and manual enter rev1s10ns.Revisions entered by a user can be stored in the seed database in step880.

In update seed database step 880, the seed database can be updated bysaving the SUAs and the corresponding ESUAs. In some cases the SUA willnot have a corresponding ESUA indicating that the text was acceptable asproposed. In these cases, an ESUA can be generated that is identical tothe SUA and both SUA and identical ESUA can be stored in the seeddatabase. In this way, the seed database grows with each DUA and editsmade to an SUA or SUAs accepted without revision will be retained in theinstitutional knowledge of the seed database. Although this step 880 isillustrated as occurring after the step 860 and before the step 820, itshould be appreciated that the updating the seed database step 880 canoccur at any time after an ESUA is created. In a preferred embodiment,the updating the seed database step 880 can occur after all SUAs of aDUA have been analyzed and a user has confirmed the edits are accurateand complete.

In step 890, the ESUAs can be recorded. In a first example, the ESUAscan be recorded at the end of the DUA in an appendix. The appendix canspecify amendments and edits to the DUA In this way, and original wordsof the DUA are not directly edited, but an appendix specifies therevised terms. This first method of recording the ESUAs can be utilizedwith the DUA is a PDF document than cannot easily be edited. In a secondexample, the ESUA can be recorded in-line in the DUA Each ESUA can beused to replace the corresponding SUA In embodiments of the invention,the ESUA can be inserted in place of the SUA with “track changes”indicating the edits being made. This second method of recording theESUAs can be utilized when the DUA is in an easily editable format suchas Microsoft Word. In a third example, the ESUAs can be recorded in aseparate document. The separate document can refer to the SUAs of theDUA and identify corresponding ESUAs. This third method can be utilizedwhen the DUA is a locked or secured document that does not allowediting.

Again, although this step 890 is illustrated as occurring after the step880 and before the step 820, it should be appreciated that the recordingthe ESUA step 890 can occur at any time after an ESUA is created. In apreferred embodiment, the recording the ESUA step 890 can occur afterall SUAs of a DUA have been analyzed and a user has confirmed the editsare accurate and complete.

FIG. 9 is a process flowchart for editing a document and updating a seeddatabase according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shownin FIG. 9, editing a document and updating a seed database can includetokenizing 910 a DUA, selecting 920 an SUA, creating 930 an ESUA, andupdating 940 a seed database.

In step 910, a DUA can be tokenized in the same manner as described inconjunction with step 210 of FIG. 2.

In step 920, a SUA can be manually selected by a user. A user can selectan SUA that the user desires to modify.

In step 930, a user can manually modify an SUA to create an ESUA. Thisprocess of selecting and editing can be consistent with a user revisinga document according to their knowledge, expertise, or businessobjectives.

In step 940, the SUA and the ESUA can be stored in a seed database. Ifthe SUA was not edited, the SUA can be copied to the ESUA and both canbe stored in a seed database. The embodiment of FIG. 9 can be usefulwhen a seed database does not exist. The embodiment of FIG. 9 can beuseful when the seed database has insufficient content to suggest usefuledits. In this way, the seed database can grow from normal documentreview and editing.

Embodiments of the invention can be implemented as a softwareapplication executable on a computer terminal or distributed as a seriesof instructions recorded on computer-readable medium such as a CD-ROM.The computer can have memory such as a disk for storage, a processor forperforming calculations, a network interface for communications, akeyboard and mouse for input and selection, and a display for viewing.Portions of the invention, such as the seed database, can be implementedon a database server or stored locally on a user's computer. Embodimentsof the invention can be implemented in a remote or cloud computingenvironment where a user can interface with the invention through a webbrowser. Embodiments of the invention can be implemented as plug-in forpopular document editing software (e.g. Microsoft Word) that can suggestrevisions to an SUA through the document editing software.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the method and system forsuggesting revisions to an electronic document without departing fromthe spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended thatembodiments of the invention cover the modifications and variations ofthis invention provided they come within the scope of the appendedclaims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for suggestingrevisions to text data, the method comprising: obtaining an electronicdocument under analysis (DUA); tokenizing the DUA into one or morestatements under analysis (SUAs); selecting a first SUA of the one ormore SUAs; selecting a candidate original text from a seed database;determining, using a natural language processing (NLP) alignment of thefirst SUA and the candidate original text, an edit operation to apply tothe DUA; and recording the determined edit operation in an appendix. 2.The method of claim 1, further comprising: creating the appendix to theDUA.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the appendix is a separateelectronic file from the DUA.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theappendix further comprises a reference to the DUA.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the DUA is a portable document format electronicdocument.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining, using theNLP alignment of the first SUA and the candidate original text, the editoperation to apply to the DUA further comprises: aligning the first SUAwith the candidate original text according to a first alignment;obtaining a candidate final text associated with the candidate originaltext; and, determining a first set of one or more edit operations thatconvert the first SUA to the candidate final text, wherein the first setof one or more edit operations comprises the first determined editoperation.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: creating afirst edited SUA (first “ESUA”) by applying to the first SUA one or moreedit operations from the first set of one or more edit operationsaccording to the first alignment.
 8. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: obtaining a sample database comprising a plurality of sampleoriginal texts and a plurality of sample final texts, wherein eachsample original text is associated with a respective sample final text;obtaining an input comprising an indication of a user preference;selecting one or more of the plurality of sample originals texts and theplurality of sample final texts based on the user preference; andloading, into the seed database, the selected one or more of theplurality of sample original texts and the plurality of sample finaltexts.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: displaying in a userinterface the determined edit operation; and prompting a user to acceptthe determined edit operation.
 10. A non-transitory computer readablemedium storing instructions configured to cause a computer to performthe method of claim
 1. 11. A system for suggesting revisions to textdata, the system comprising: a processor; a non-transitory computerreadable memory coupled to the processor, wherein the processor isconfigured to: obtain an electronic document under analysis (DUA);tokenize the DUA into one or more statements under analysis (SUAs);select a first SUA of the one or more SUAs; select a candidate originaltext from a seed database; determine, using a natural languageprocessing (NLP) alignment of the first SUA and the candidate originaltext, an edit operation to apply to the DUA; and record the determinededit operation in an appendix.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein theprocessor is further configured to: create the appendix to the DUA. 13.The system of claim 11, wherein the appendix is a separate electronicfile from the DUA.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the appendixfurther comprises a reference to the DUA.
 15. The system of claim 11,wherein the DUA is a portable document format electronic document. 16.The system of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to:align the first SUA with the candidate original text according to afirst alignment; obtain a candidate final text associated with thecandidate original text; and, determine a first set of one or more editoperations that convert the first SUA to the candidate final text,wherein the first set of one or more edit operations comprises the firstdetermined edit operation.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein theprocessor is further configured to: create a first edited SUA (first“ESUA”) by applying to the first SUA one or more edit operations fromthe first set of one or more edit operations according to the firstalignment.
 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to: obtain a sample database comprising a plurality of sampleoriginal texts and a plurality of sample final texts, wherein eachsample original text is associated with a respective sample final text;obtain an input comprising an indication of a user preference; selectone or more of the plurality of sample originals texts and the pluralityof sample final texts based on the user preference; and load, into theseed database, the selected one or more of the plurality of sampleoriginal texts and the plurality of sample final texts.
 19. The systemof claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to: display ina user interface the determined edit operation; and prompt a user toaccept the determined edit operation.